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5-6-kolenchatyjj-val.html
5.6. A cranked shaftCheck up necks of a cranked shaft on a roughness. Any appreciable roughness specifies in necessity of repolishing or replacement of a cranked shaft.
If the cranked shaft was перешлифован, check up absence of agnails round apertures for greasing. The found out agnails remove надфилем or шабером and carefully clean apertures and channels from a shaving.
Using a micrometer, measure diameter radical and шатунных necks of a cranked shaft and compare results to specifications. Necks measure in several points both on diameter, and on length, it will allow to reveal ovality and конусность at their presence.
Check up surfaces of contact of an epiploon on each end of a cranked shaft on deterioration and other damages. If the neck is worn strongly out from consolidation, that, probably, replacement of a cranked shaft is required.
Deterioration шатунной necks is characterised by knocks of metal tone at engine work, especially under loading, at small frequency of rotation, and reduction of pressure of oil.
Deterioration of radical necks of a cranked shaft is characterised by strong vibration of the engine and the knock of metal tone amplifying at increase of frequency of rotation of the engine, and also reduction of pressure of oil.
Even if radical and шатунный bearings are subject to replacement at engine major repairs, they are necessary for examining carefully: on their defects it is possible to judge a technical condition of the engine.
The bearing can fail because of a lack of greasing, hit of pollution, alien particles, an engine or corrosion overload. The reason which has caused an exit of the bearing out of operation, it is necessary to eliminate before the engine will repeatedly collect.
For survey of bearings remove and spread out them in the same order in what they have been established on the engine. It will allow to define a corresponding neck of a cranked shaft and will facilitate search of malfunctions.
Alien particles can get to the engine various ways. Metal particles appear in engine oil as a result of normal deterioration of the engine. Small particles together with oil can get to bearings and easily take root into their soft material. Larger particles can scratch the bearing or a neck of a cranked shaft. To prevent bearing failure for this reason, it is necessary to clear carefully all internal surfaces of the engine and to keep them clean at engine assemblage. It is recommended to observe also demanded periodicity of replacement of oil and the filter.
Insufficient greasing of necks of a cranked shaft can be caused many reasons: an oil heat, an engine overload, oil leak and so forth
The manner of driving of the car also influences durability of bearings. At completely open throttle заслонке on low frequency of rotation of a cranked shaft of the engine loading on bearings raises and there is an expression of an oil film from a contact zone. High loadings lead to occurrence of cracks in a working part of the bearing that in turn can cause a separation of an antifrictional layer from a steel basis.
Movement on short distances leads to corrosion of bearings because the engine does not leave on the stabilised working temperature at which water steams and corrosion gases leave. Being condensed in engine oil, they form acid and a deposit. Acid together with engine oil gets to bearings and causes corrosion.
Wrong selection of bearings at engine assemblage also becomes the reason of failure of bearings. In the bearings established with a preliminary tightness, there is a backlash insufficient for maintenance of normal greasing.
At installation of a cranked shaft it is necessary to consider the following.
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Fig. 3.3–47. A cranked shaft: 1 – the aligning plug; 2 – a chain asterisk; 3 – a cranked shaft; 4 – an adjusting pin; 5 – a rack; 6 – a bolt, 22 Нм; 7 – bolts of fastening of covers of bearings; 8 – a bearing cover; 9 – a bolt, 22 Нм; 10 – a rack; 11 – a persistent half ring; 12 – the loose leaf of the radical bearing; 13 – a pin; 14 – a persistent half ring; 15 – the loose leaf of the radical bearing; 16 – bolts
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Persistent half rings 11 and 14 (fig. 3.3–47) are established only on the fourth radical bearing and used for adjustment of an axial backlash of a cranked shaft.
Lubricant flutes of persistent half rings should be directed outside.
The loose leaf 12 without a lubricant flute is established from outside bearing covers.
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Fig. 3.3–48. An arrangement and numbering of radical bearings of a cranked shaft
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The radical bearing №1 is from outside a belt pulley, and the bearing №4 – from outside a flywheel (fig. 3.3–48).
At installation it is necessary to use new bolts of fastening of covers of bearings.
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Fig. 3.3–49. Sequence of a tightening of bolts of fastening of covers of radical bearings
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Bolts of fastening of covers of radical bearings tighten in the sequence shown in drawing 3.3–49, in five stages:
1st – tighten bolts 1–8 moment 60 Нм;
2nd – tighten bolts 1–8 on a corner 90 ;
3rd – tighten bolts 9–16 moment 60 Нм;
4th – tighten bolts 9–16 on a corner 90 ;
5th – tighten bolts And the moment 28 Нм
Measurement of axial and radial backlashes of a cranked shaft
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Fig. 3.3–50. Installation of an arm with the indicator of hour type for measurement of an axial backlash of a cranked shaft
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Establish on the block of cylinders of the engine an arm with the indicator of hour type so that the measuring tip of the indicator rested against a counterbalance of a cranked shaft (fig. 3.3–50).
Move a cranked shaft along an axis in one party against the stop and establish an arrow of the indicator of hour type on 0. Move a cranked shaft along an axis to other party against the stop and fix the value shown by the indicator. Rating value of an axial backlash of a cranked shaft of 0,090-0,251 mm, maximum permissible value – 0,30 mm.
For measurement of a radial backlash in bearings of a cranked shaft it is necessary to use calibrated plastic core Plastigage.
Unscrew bolts and uncover the radical bearing and the radical loose leaf. Clear the loose leaf, a cover and a neck of a cranked shaft.
Cut off a slice of the plastic calibrated core which length is equal to width of the bearing, and lay it along an axis of a cranked shaft on a neck of the radical bearing.
Establish a cover of the bearing with the loose leaf and fix its bolts, having tightened their moment 30 Нм. Thus a cranked shaft do not turn.
Unscrew bolts and again uncover the radical bearing. Compare width of the deformed plastic core to the measuring scale put on packing of a plastic core. On a scale define a radial backlash. Rating value of a radial backlash of a cranked shaft of 0,018-0,045 mm, maximum permissible value – 0,10 mm.
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